Cosmic neutrinos with extremely high energies are very rare, so an enormous volume of ice is needed to observe an adequate number of collisions. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory covers an entire cubic kilometre and was finished in 2011. Researchers soon discovered the first high-energy neutrinos and, a few years later, could publish their discovery of neutrinos that must originate far outside our solar system. The search for the universe’s neutrino sources could begin in earnest. Francis Halzen has received the 2026 #NobelPrize in Physics for his decisive contributions to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.

Astrophysicist Arthur McDonald uncovered a secret of one of the most mysterious and ghostly particles of our universe - the neutrino. At SNOLAB, a science laboratory 2km underground, McDonald proved that neutrinos have mass. He shared the 2015 physics prize with Takaaki Kajita.