ALT A table showing minimum security and governance expectations for patient-facing retrieval-augmented generation chatbots. It has columns for Domain, Key Question, and Minimum Expectation. Domains include Configuration, Access control, Data stewardship, Knowledge base, Response minimization, Monitoring, Independent audit, and Dual-use readiness. Key questions address aspects like system prompts and RAG parameters, administrative and data end points, and storage of patient conversations. Minimum Expectation provides requirements such as verifying access, assuming redactions, and having audits before launch.

ALT A quote from a Perspective published in the NEJM AI reads as follows: “These tools hold transformative potential for clinical research if their use is grounded in rigorous evidence, performance is continuously monitored, and processes and regulations evolve to support innovation responsibly.” The Perspective is titled “Adoption of Artificial Intelligence–Based End Points — A New Era for Clinical Trials” and the authors are Kushal T. Kadakia, M.D., M.Sc., and Harlan M. Krumholz, M.D., S.M. The background color is dark blue and includes the NEJM AI logo.

ALT Table outlining potential applications of artificial intelligence for clinical trial endpoints. It includes focus areas such as histopathology, anatomical imaging, and physiological imaging. Descriptions and current examples are provided alongside AI-enabled future possibilities for each category.