Joy Milne, a retired nurse from Scotland, first noticed a distinct, subtle "musky" smell on her husband, Les, about 10 to 12 years before he was officially diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease in 1994. At the time, she didn't connect the odor to any medical condition, assuming it was just sweat or a change in his body chemistry. It wasn't until years later, when attending a Parkinson's support group with Les, that Joy realized every person in the room shared that exact same distinct scent, prompting her to believe that Parkinson's disease carried a unique olfactory signature. Intrigued by her claim, researchers at the University of Edinburgh, led by Dr. Tilo Kunath, decided to test Joy's ability through a double-blind study. Joy was given 12 plain T-shirts, six worn by confirmed Parkinson's patients and six worn by healthy control subjects. Joy correctly identified all six Parkinson's patients, but she also insisted that one of the control group members had the disease. Although marked as an error initially, the story took an incredible turn eight months later when that specific control subject was officially diagnosed with Parkinson's, revealing Joy had a 100% accuracy rate and had detected the disease long before clinical symptoms appeared. Joy's extraordinary olfactory sensitivity, a condition known as hyperosmia, led scientists to investigate what compounds she was actually smelling. Researchers discovered that the distinct odor stems from volatile chemical changes in sebum, the oily substance secreted by the skin, which is altered by Parkinson's disease. Joy’s gift has since paved the way for scientists to develop early diagnostic tools, including skin swabs and mass spectrometry tests, aimed at identifying Parkinson’s years before motor symptoms begin. Joy Milne’s incredible olfactory ability extends far beyond Parkinson's disease and it comes at a significant personal cost. Joy is an extreme "super-smeller" due to hyperosmia. Researchers have traveled with her internationally to test her ability to detect other conditions; she has helped scientists conduct preliminary odor research on tuberculosis (TB) in Tanzania, as well as cancer and Alzheimer's disease in the U.S. While her nose is a gift to medical science, Joy has often described her heightened sense of smell as an everyday burden. Everyday environments can be overwhelmingly painful for her. She has to strategically plan her routine, often doing grocery shopping very early in the morning or late at night to avoid the heavy perfumes worn by shoppers, and actively avoiding the household chemical and detergent aisles in supermarkets entirely because the artificial fragrances are so agonizingly intense. #archaeohistories

🚨Kylian Mbappé on surpassing Lionel Messi in the Golden Boot race "I'm happy to be leading the Golden Boot race, but if there's one player who can turn everything upside down in one game, it's Lionel Messi. I honestly pity Spain because Messi is a mad man when it comes to finals. He'll do everything possible to score at least two goals if that's what Argentina needs." "That's why he's the GOAT. People only see the talent, but they don't always see the obsession to win. He's unbelievably competitive, and once he sets a target, he pushes himself until he achieves it." "That's also why I'm not resting assured that the Golden Boot is mine yet. As long as Messi is still playing football, nothing is guaranteed. I know he'll do everything possible to fulfill his mission, and that's exactly what makes him so special."