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"Immediately after the creation of Charles Town on the Ashley River in 1670, the nascent government of South Carolina settled agreements of peace and friendship with neighboring “nations” of Indigenous peoples. Those who passively shared or ceded the landscape to European settlers, like the Kiawah, Etiwan, and others, were permitted to live among and trade with White colonists in a state of amity. On the other hand, those who used violence to resist the process of colonization, including the Kussoe and Westo, were treated as hostile enemies to be banished or enslaved. Indian slavery emerged in the 1670s as a small component of the burgeoning trade between Carolina colonists and Native Americans, generally involving the enemies of Indians in amity with the provincial government, who were captured on the outskirts of the English colony and delivered to White settlers for sale.[1]" ccpl.org/charleston-time-mac…

Helen Rountree continues the story: "And by about 1648, this is after the third Anglo-Powhatan war, things were so difficult that they simply abandoned what little land they had left in the Nansemond Valley and headed out. It is a fairly common thing for Indian people, if they want to retain a reasonably traditional way of living but they don’t want to go too far from their original territory, so not going to 'head West young man' at all. They are going to head to the nearest swamp. You want a good big one. And the Dismal Swamp would be that. There are not only animals and plants that you can eat but there are also things called hammocks in swamps where the land is a little bit higher and you’re going to get your deciduous trees there’s your nuts. And they can actually clear a bit and they can raise corn in the swamp, that’s possible. That’s how come you can get Maroon, as it’s called, Maroon refugee colonies in swamps. And the Dismal Swamp has always said to have those. That’s an area where nobody in their right mind, if they’re English, is going to try to bother you." wvtf.org/podcast/tribal-trut…

Fighting before 1619! 🪶🩸

"At the time, the Pequots were among the dominant tribes in the region. Also known as the ‘War for Connecticut’, this conflict set the foundations for colonialism. In 1637, a battle took place called the Mystic Massacre. Soldiers from the Connecticut and Massachusetts colonies with Native allies surrounded a Pequot community and set it on fire. Hundreds of men, women and children were burned alive or slaughtered. Enslavement followed." ctpublic.org/2025-11-14/indi…

Even reservation Indians were discriminated against based on featurism & pseudoscience!

True Examples of Enslavement, Erasure & Misclassification of American Indians

Two different depictions of General Francis Marion in South Carolina. Which one do you think matches this physical description from one of the soldiers in his regiment? "He was rather below the middle stature of men, lean and swarthy." The whitewashing of history is real!

"Indians...were included among the white population..." This happened to my ancestor even though he was enumerated as Indian! #INDIGENOUSPEOPLESDAY #MISCLASSIFICATION

Snapshots of Census instructions regarding American Indians for 70 years (1870-1930) #INDIGENOUSPEOPLESDAY #MISCLASSIFICATION

"Free persons of color may be, then, for all we can see, persons colored by Indian blood,..." #lumbee #misclassification

..."free persons of color", which in this context is a euphemism for Indian." #lumbee #misclassificaton

Pseudoscience 101 🧐🤔😱 #lumbee #misclassification