[2/3] Now look at this screenshot from Puthoff’s patent US11777198B1. When you write E & B in terms of the potentials A & ϕ, and substitute these into Maxwell’s Equations, a new term appears labeled “C” or “S” in the scalar physics literature. This is a scalar field or wave, consisting of divergence of A + time derivative of ϕ. It also shows up as the scalar term in the quaternion formulation of Maxwell (with a minus sign change, due to choice of convention). Under the conventional Lorentz gauge, divergence of A is chosen to be the opposite of the time derivative of ϕ such that they cancel out, and you therefore get no C. Thus nonzero C requires Lorentz Gauge violation. (C physically pertains to the expansion/contraction (maybe torsion) of the quantum phase field involved in EM phenomena. Conventionally, all EM phenomena are solely solenoidal, transverse, or divergence-free. C is the trace of the symmetric half of the four gradient of the four potential; the antisymmetric half is (within a factor of 2) the usual Maxwell EM Field Tensor containing just the solenoidal/transverse parts of EM). The math indicates C is only nonzero when electric charge isn’t conserved, as Puthoff points out. And since under conventional assumptions, charge is always conserved, the “C” field is always zero, hence not physically realizable. Therefore scalar wave literature is in error. Nail in coffin? Not so fast. Modanese & Minotti (2021-2026) have gotten around that. Quantum tunneling can involve nonlocal transport of current, thus local current non-conservation. But you’d need quantum-exploiting mechanisms to generate C, not simply diverging/converging currents in the ordinary sense. There are other more exotic ways to generate C. This requires a bit of explanation: Gauge theory, which justifies arbitrary gauge fixing, hinges on the idea (or even physical truth) that a system can have an overall global phase value that doesn’t directly impact any of the physics within it. Therefore this global phase & anything directly dependent on it is arbitrary. The only quantities that count as physical are those made of relative differences that remain invariant, including invariant under change of gauge choice or change of frame per Relativity. The electric & magnetic fields, together, are one such invariant object. Thus they are considered physical, real, and measurable. The potentials alone are not; only their differences count. And as long as charge remains conserved, if you accumulate charges at a spot via a converging current, the voltage there also increases due to extra charges, and the two cancel out as suggested in the Lorentz gauge, such that you get no net C. Here’s the problem with all that. The global phase is only global & arbitrary within a given domain. If there’s another adjacent domain with its own global phase, an objective phase difference exists between the two. This is exactly what the Josephson Junction is, two superconductors each their own phase-coherent domain with a thin gap between them. So if our universe is a condensate adjacent to another surrounding it, or stacked atop it four-dimensionally, or permeating it but separated in field space rather than physical space, then each domain can have its global phase value but a difference, hence Josephson dynamics, exist between them. Since charge can tunnel across a Josephson junction, here charge could travel between our condensate & an adjacent one. In both domains, charge conservation is therefore violated. One domain gains charge, the other loses it, and vice versa, possibly back and forth in an oscillating manner, depending. Hence the C wave would be produced in each domain & represent a coupling between them. Arbitrary gauge fixing only applies within each isolated domain, but Josephson interactions between them sets up boundary conditions at the junction (via a throat or weak link) that physicalizes the phase. If universe-sized domains don’t exist in complete isolation, then the phase is always physical overall. Another speculative avenue toward C: If you travel past an electric charge, some of its E transforms into B due to relativity. And vice versa if the charge moves past you, as it does in electric currents. That’s standard physics. If you instead travel longitudinally toward the charge, then symmetry — or rather the Lorentz boost applied to the Maxwell field tensor of the charge — shows that no B field arises at all. Instead, the detected E field changes by a factor of γ². There are two ways to interpret this: 1) the charge (like the speed of light) remains invariant, length contraction changes how you perceive the ϕ gradient comprising E, and time dilation changes the temporal phase-accumulation rate of ϕ, or 2) charge (and the speed of light) are not invariant. If E were suppressed by γ² then that’s equivalent to permittivity or charge itself changing by that factor, from the point of view of the observer. This might entail an effective non-conservation of charge, which produces C. If just one of these avenues violates charge conservation, then “C must always be zero” doesn’t hold, and scalar waves can exist. Even if they can’t, that’s not the end of the story. The vacuum aether is by all appearances a quantum condensate of some type. The standard model with its numerous “symmetries,” “symmetry breaking,” and “vacuum expectation value” already treats it as something along those lines. Nielsen’s TUFT theory with the Hopf fibration is how you describe a condensate with many internal degrees of freedom. The simplest condensate has an amplitude & phase, while more complicated ones require not just a phase but a pointer with many internal degrees of freedom. The phase underpinning electromagnetism is one of those, and how it winds through space & time gives rise to the fields & potentials. Scalar field C is the compressing/diverging quality of that, ordinarily set to zero via the Lorentz gauge. But the other degrees of freedom plus the condensate amplitude may be dynamic & physical, such that an exotic free energy of gravitic propulsion device could be using those instead of anything to do with the electromagnetic phase. And if someone then tries to attribute the exotic effect to C, since it’s clearly not E or B, well that might still be going in circles inside the Maxwell box. Thus E, B, A, V, and C might not be the end-all-be-all. After all, C requires a dynamic source and when the source turns off, the field also disappears or propagates away quickly. Yet we hear in fringe science literature cases of some device only functioning in certain locations not others, or the device needing to “condition the space” first before it starts working as intended, and the conditioning persists (with a decay law) in the space even when the device is turned off and removed. That’s not any of the main or exotic scalar wave modes. We also know from paranormal (alien, ghost hauntings, Fortean, psi) cases that physics can get wacky. Light takes on a more amber tone, shadows don’t look right (change in index of refraction), metal turns to jelly, clocks run slow or fast, lightbulbs blow from a current surge or car engines stop running but start up on their own afterward, and so on. An alteration in the aether condensate itself can do this, whether its amplitude, temperature, entropy, normal fluid fraction, or internal ordering. So when looking at exotic tech applications, we need to consider all the levels beneath the surface: Electric & magnetic fields | Electric scalar & magnetic vector potential | Scalar C waves via non-conserved currents | Amplitude of the aether | Internal ordering of the aether | Other parallel aethers with their own versions of ‘all the above’ So in some cases might be some vacuum condensate amplitude wave, or entropy wave (second sound), or a nematic wave of texture/ordering in the condensate, that travels and produces an effect at distance. Doesn’t only have to be scalar EM.