Here's my conversation with Anthony Kaldellis about the deep history of the Roman Empire in the west and the east (the Byzantine Empire). This was a truly fascinating conversation with a lot of wisdom for the modern world and for the future of human civilization. The Roman state lasted over 2,200 years. If we want to understand human nature, the modern world, and how humanity can flourish, it is valuable to study history, especially the history of why societies survive and why they collapse. It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment). Timestamps: 0:00 - Episode highlight 1:24 - Introduction 1:51 - The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire 5:49 - 2,200 Years of Roman History 26:12 - Power, violence, and civil war 47:27 - Edict of Caracalla 1:00:23 - Crisis of the Third Century 1:14:52 - Constantine and the new Roman Empire 1:26:53 - Christianity in the Roman Empire 1:52:21 - Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2:05:17 - Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power 2:30:24 - Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest 2:47:26 - The Arab conquests 3:07:01 - Why the Roman empire survived so long 3:33:08 - Lessons from history

Jun 30, 2026 · 10:10 PM UTC

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Here's the links for my conversation with Anthony Kaldellis: YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=pv1TUJSE… Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0B… Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast
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2,200 years, still learning sir
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2200 years of lessons. Saving this for the weekend.
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I will listen to this. Thank you.
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The Roman west/east split keeps coming back because it’s not just history, it’s a pattern. Centralisation, incentives, legitimacy, logistics. Bit depressing how often the same stuff decides who wins.
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Impressive discussion—thanks for sharing. The insights on imperial continuity and governance are thought-provoking. Looking forward to more of these conversations; they offer valuable lessons for today’s global context.
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I watched it twice, so good!
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Anthony Kaldellis he and you excellent questions over the top guest and may sleep with history now
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Clinging to old diplomatic formats based purely on raw power politics is a path to self-annihilation. True PEACE requires an ethico-evolutionary shift toward a world of values, a paradigm established in my Tractatus Politico-Philosophicus (Routledge 2017). My blueprint for a value-based global order, a demilitarized New Palestine, and a secure New Israel is live. I invite you to read my comprehensive REALISM and human EVOLUTION articles directly on my profile @polishthought and explore my peer-reviewed books (Routledge 2017 & 2026). Frameworks: bit.ly/Realism2026 & bit.ly/Tractatus2017
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History speaks; let wisdom steer our era.
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ROMANs are TRO-JAN DIASPORA
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Great pod! Posting from the loo 🚽 👍
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We are now in the 21st century and empires are likely to fall again. The crucial issue is that of conscious human evolution and evolutionity, as presented in my books: "Tractatus Politico-Philosophicus" (Routledge, 2017) and "Political Realism: An Evolutionary Theory of International Relations" (Routledge, 2026). The fall of empires, from Rome to today's West, stems from a fatal misalignment: technological and material expansion without a corresponding ethico-evolutionary paradigm shift. To save our civilization from self-annihilation, we must transform international relations into an evolutionary science based on values, not raw power politics. Lex, I propose a conversation on your podcast about humanity's evolutionary future, evolutionity, and why advanced AI and human destiny share a synchronized moral path [1.4].Frameworks: bit.ly/Realism2026 & bit.ly/Tractatus2017
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A masterclass in endurance and adaptability.
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Thank you 🙏❤️
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Lessons echo through time, shaping a wiser future.
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thanks Lex. Really appreciate your contributions to society.
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The Roman State didn’t last that. It evolved into the Byzantine Empire. Romans spoke latin. In the Byzantine Empire the spoken language was Greek.
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Ancient patterns illuminate modern choices.
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Thank you for posting this.
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🇪🇺
The International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations. Statement of Condemnation and Strong Denunciation. Brussels, 31 July 2026. Airstrike Targeting Civilians in Shirshar Area, North Kordofan State. The International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations expresses its strongest condemnation and profound concern over the horrific aerial attack that targeted unarmed civilians in the Shirshar area, located within the West Bara locality of North Kordofan State. This dangerous escalation represents a flagrant assault on the right to life and a grave violation of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Based on consistent testimonies and documented information gathered and verified by the Coalition, a military Antonov aircraft reportedly took off from Wadi Seidna Air Base at approximately 13:30 local time. At around 14:20, the aircraft was observed flying over North Kordofan State in the direction of the West Bara locality, followed by a series of aerial strikes that directly targeted the Shirshar area. The strikes resulted in civilian casualties. Photographs and video footage reviewed in connection with the incident reportedly show deeply distressing and disturbing scenes of civilian victims, including women and children. In light of these grave violations and attacks affecting civilian lives and populated areas, the International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations calls for the following urgent measures:- - We categorically call upon the Independent Fact-Finding Mission to gain immediate and unhindered access to the sites of the attacks, collect and preserve relevant evidence, document the circumstances surrounding the incident and interview survivors and witnesses. - We stress the urgent need to establish legal and criminal responsibility for any violations committed against civilians, in accordance with applicable international law and to ensure that those responsible are held accountable and that impunity is not allowed to prevail. - We call upon all parties to the conflict to strictly uphold the principle of distinction between civilians and combatants and to take all feasible precautions to protect civilians and civilian objects from the effects of military operations. - We urge local residents, survivors, humanitarian workers, and other relevant actors to preserve any physical or digital evidence related to the incident, where doing so can be undertaken safely. - We further emphasize the importance of preserving the integrity of the attack sites, avoiding any unnecessary disturbance or alteration of evidence where safe and practicable, and documenting relevant facts through available means in order to support future accountability and justice processes. - The deliberate or indiscriminate targeting of civilians can never be justified on military or political grounds. - The protection of civilian life is an obligation under international law and violations must be subject to effective investigation and accountability. The International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations reaffirms its commitment to monitoring and documenting violations, following developments related to this incident and supporting efforts aimed at ensuring justice, accountability and effective remedies for the victims and their families. THE INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Advancing Human Rights • Peace • Justice ichr-international.org [email protected] +41 76 241 99 63 (WhatsApp)
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It was much langer, even England was part of it
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A fascinating topic I know nothing about so I would like to listen to it. But I can’t. To this or any other. I feel repulsion ever since you took sides with Trump against president Zelensky. Looking back, do you still see things the same way?
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They are programmed pawns in a vast game they don't understand. They say they hate Israel, but they are being used by the Israeli government (a major vehicle for the Global Cult) to dismantle the West with both numbers and culture. Israel-owned governments wave the white flag on mass unchecked immigration because they are installed to do so and so many who say they oppose mass immigration also support Israel. What a bloody headshaker. Trump and the escalating Iran war triggered by Israel’s Netanyahu are all part of this destruction of the West so that power moves ever more obviously eastwards as I have warned was the plan since the 1990s. The sequence is simple. Break up human unity with religion and politics and then play off the factions against each other. Get them to believe that 'their' God is the real God and thus grants them the right to impose 'his' word on everyone else. This is what Christianity did with the colony empires and now Islam is being used in the same way. Naivety - the human disease. I would say we live in a kindergarten, but I don't want to insult children.
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One of the greatest losses for European civilisation was the colonisation of the Byzantine empire by the ottomans and the loss of an orthodox cultural hotspot to the Islamist caliphate.
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When’s the Khabib pod coming out, mate?
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Time to tuck in!
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It is interesting how history repeats itself.
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Looking forward to this one Lex. Thanks for staying with the history theme.
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Guest says "BC." Me: *keeps listening*
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Really appreciate how you bring history to life. These deep dives feel like more than storytelling, they connect human nature, power & progress in a way that actually sticks. The care in your research & guests really shows. Thank you for sharing this.
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This is the kind of depth we need. Rome's arc holds lessons we're still ignoring.
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